CHARACTERIZATION ON MAX KELADA IN MAUGHAM’S SHORT STORY: A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

Hidayati Sholihah
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
hida.s13@gmail.com

Abstract
Literature always develops significantly and very fast as the development of human resources. This article aims to give additional contribution for literature on understanding the characterization of Max Kelada in Mr. Know all short story. So that the subject of this research is Max Kelada in Mr. Know all short story. After having red the whole story deeply, the writer find that Max Kelada is talkative, friendly and always takes care of all people in around him. He is also kinds person, he had survived the family of Mrs. Ramsay.

Introduction
The idea of writing this topic sprang from my interesting to Mr. Know all short story written by William Somerset Maugham. It is a meaningful short story which has moral and social value. He wrote the story with the beautiful language and literature.
Mr. Know All short story takes place just after the war on a liner from San Francisco to Yokohama. From the early lines of the story we can see that the narrator doesn't like the main hero of the story, Max Kelada. He has not even met the man before and he has already chosen to dislike him.
Max Kelada in Mr. Know all short story has some unique characters. Maugham described Mr. Kelada by story from the first person or the narrator’s point of view. He was described as an active and talkative person. Beside that, he was popular as Mr. Know all in the ship, because he always acts as if he knows everything. Then he was hated by people in the ship because of his activeness.
In Mr. Know all short story, Maugham described Max Kelada as the main character in the story. Max Kelada is an active and talkative person. He liked to make a new topic to talk to, he also always involved in every conversation. As a matter of fact, most of people disliked him instead, particularly the narrator. In other side, actually he had high sense of solidarity to help others and actually he liked to take care of people around him.
This writing is expected that it will give contributions for literature study in Mr. Know All short story. Hopefully it also can give an additional contribution on undersatanding the major character in Mr. Know All are viewed by psychoanalytic appproach.

Method
1. Type of the research
The writer uses Descriptive Qualitative research methode. We can unite two research method if there is no contradiction between them. Etimologically, Descriptive means disentangled and analize (Nyoman Kutha Ratna:53). Descriptive means a research to describe available phenomenons, both naturally and engineer. This method examines activities, characteristics, changings, relationships, similarities and differences with other phenomenons (Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata:72).
Qualitative means a research to describe and analyze phenomenons, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and group or individual thoughts (Nana Syaodih Sukmadinata:60).
2. Object of the research
The object of the study is Mr. Know All short story by William Somerset Maugham.

3. Type of the data and the data sources
The writer uses two sources of data, as follow:
a. Primary data sources
Primary data is original material on which other research is based that usually the first formal appearances of result in the pint or electronic literature and it is from the time periode. The primary data sources of the study is Maugham’s Mr. Know All.
b. Secondary data sources
Secondary data sources are the data that consist of the other data related to the primary data as the support that comment on and discuss the evidence provided by primary sources.
4. Technique of the data collection
The techniques used in this study are observation and lybrary research by collecting and recording both of the primary and secondary data. The procedures or steps of collecting data applied in this study,they are :
a. Reading the short story comprehendsively and repeatly.
b. Determining the major character that will be analyzed.
c. Reading some related books to find out the theory, data, and information required.
d. Making notes of important information in both primary and secondaary data sources.
e. Classifying the data into some categories.
Subject of this study is Max Kelada in Maugham’s Mr. Know all. Because this research is kind of library research, the writer used the instrument such as books and personal computer to help finishing this study.


5. Technique of the data analysis
The technique of data analysis applied in this study is describe analysis, in which the researcher identifies the characterization of Max Kelada who has active, smart and intelligent characteristic but most of people hated him instead.

Result and Discussion
Characterization is one of the main factors in a fiction story. There must have some characters in the story. According to the involvement in a story, there are two kinds of characters namely Central Character and Peripheral Character (Sayuti, 2009:6.6). Central Character is also called as main character or major character. While Peripheral Character is also called as minor character or supporting character. To determine whether main character or peripheral character in a story, we can compare every characters in a story. There are some criterions on determining central/major character, they are:
1. Acting as the central of a talk
2. Always be told in the story
3. As the character who closely related to the theme
4. Frequently making interaction with other character in the story (Sayuti, 2009:6.6).
In Mr. Know All Short story, Max Kelada is the major character. Maugham described Max Kelada as if he is not the major character, because he described Max Kelada through the first person in the story namely: I. So that the first person/narrator is only the presenter of the major character. The narrator described Mr. Kelada only from his perspective/point of view. Consequently, reader can not know the real character of Mr. Kelada. Until the last story, reader had just known the real characterization of Max Kelada. We know that he is the major character because Max Kelada influences the readers a lot and the whole story deals with Mr. Kelada.
Max Kelada is chatty, talkative and communicative. He likes making new topics in a conversation. When the first time he met the narrator (I), he started introducing his self to the narrator and motivate him to get other simple conversation. But he does not know that actually the narrator hated him so much even before he knew Mr. Kelada. In the first 45 lines of the story, the narrator expresses his racist view because he is kinds of patriot and snob man. So that he hated Mr. Kelada who was suspected as the foreign people for him. He also likes discussing about plays, picture and politics with people in the cabin.
He is friendly and takes care of all the people around him. The narrator does not take care of Mr. Kelada a lot but Mr. Kelada offers him a drink instead. Beside that, he also has ordered a seat for the narrator in the dining room. Mr. Kelada never says Mr. before the narrator’s name because he wants the narrator to feel comfortably to him. Because of his friendliness, in only three days, he knew everyone on board. He also ran every thing. He managed the sweeps, conducted the auctions, collected money for prizes at the sports, got up quoit and golf matches, organized the concert and arranged the fancy-dress ball. He was everywhere and always. But we also find out that Mr. Kelada is also rather boastful because as soon as he met the narrator and gave him a drink he told him that he can get everything. Max Kelada said: “If you have any friends on board, you tell them you've got a pal who's got all the liquier in the world.”
Max Kelada is so familiar in the ship because he always involves and dominates in every matter happened in the ship. He is also hearty, jovial, loquacious and argumentative. He knew everything better than anybody else. So that he was called by Mr. Know All even to his face. He took it as a compliment. But it never came up to Mr. Kelada's mind that he disturbed anybody. He was convinced that everybody is happy to meet him. From this we can assumes that Mr. Kelada was in very high thoughts about himself. He was certainly the best hated man in the ship because he always acts as if he knows everything. Although he is really know everything well, some people in the ship thinks that he is only bragging. Actually he is a real gentleman and a very nice and straight-forward person. But he is not described as a gentleman at all. He is described as a very rude person. Therefore it is impossible for the people who assumed that he is the best hated man in the ship.
At the climax of the story, there is an external conflict which is between two characters. In this case the external conflict is between Mr. Kelada and Mr. Ramsay. In the discussion about real or imitations pearls, Mr. Ramsay doubts Mr. Kelada’s competence in this field. Mr. Kelada is an expert on pearls because he trades with them. So the two men bet whether the pearls are real or not. Mr. Kelada claims that Mrs. Ramsay’s pearl is worth between 15.000 and 30.000 dollars. Mr. Ramsay, on the contrary, is sure that the pearls are a fake, because his wife told him that she had bought the chain for 18 dollars just the day before she and her husband left New York. Mr. Ramsay believes her or actually wants to believe her. After examining the pearls Mr. Kelada is about to triumph over his contradicting party and to win the bet. Suddenly he caught sight of Mrs. Ramsay's face. It was so white that she looked as though she were about to faint. She was staring at him with wide and terrified eyes. Mr. Kelada was making over himself. So far Mr. Know-all had shown himself as a bad character but in the end we see that he has changed because he escaped Mrs. Ramsay by saying that the pearls were artificial. So that he gave a hundred dollar bill to Mr. Ramsay. Next morning, suddenly there was an envelope addressed to Mr. Kelada from Mrs. Ramsay under the door. It is not a letter but a hundred dollar bill. Then he said: “If I had a pretty little wife I shouldn't let her spend a year in New York while I stayed at Kobe”. As a matter of fact, Mrs. Ramsay had made a love with other guy while his husband in Kobe. It also shows that the pearl is real not imitation. This indicated that Mr. Kelada is also kinds and helpful man. He had saved the congruity of a family, although he must get some consequences, for example: many people do not trust him anymore. But from this, the narrator was being more respected to him because he had already known about the true story.

Conclusion
Max Kelada is the protagonist character in Mr. Know All short story. He is chatty, talkative and communicative person. He always involved in every matters happened in the ship. He is called as Mr. Know All because he know every things better than any one else. He is not described perpetually as a good and perfect person, but sometimes he is boastful with his own strengthness.
The narrator of the story started hating him even before knew him. Because of the activeness of Mr. Kelada, the narrator hated him more and more and so did the people in the ship. He start managing everything in the ship, it makes some people feel uncomfortable and annoyed him instead. Whereas, actually he is kinds person and he do not want to hurt some body around him. He had become a hero for Mrs. Ramsay’s family.
This short story had shown us that first impression in the first meeting is not always be a judgment whether he is good or bad person. We need getting closer to him to know the real character of a person. It can be that a person firstly looks so kind such as Mrs. Ramsay, but as a matter of fact she had made love with other person

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